Owls are renowned for their silent flight and exceptional hunting skills, but only a few species are migratory. Owl migration is less well-known than that of other birds, as many species are territorial and non-migratory. However, certain species, such as the short-eared owl and the snowy owl, do migrate, often covering vast distances in search of food during winter months. Their migration is driven by the need to find regions with ample prey, especially during times when their primary habitats become inhospitable.

Short-Eared Owls: Following Prey Across Regions

The short-eared owl is a migratory species found in North America and Eurasia. During breeding season, they inhabit grasslands, marshes, and open country, where they hunt small mammals like voles. As winter approaches, food becomes scarce in northern regions, prompting short-eared owls to migrate southward to areas with higher prey density. In North America, they travel from Canada to the United States, while in Europe, they migrate to southern regions for the winter.

These owls are unique among raptors for their ground-nesting behavior, and they rely on grasslands and open habitats that are increasingly threatened by agricultural development. Their migration patterns are closely linked to prey abundance, and in years when prey is plentiful, they may remain in their breeding areas year-round.

Snowy Owls: Nomadic Migration in the Arctic

Snowy owls, famous for their striking white plumage, breed in the Arctic tundra and are highly nomadic. Unlike typical migration patterns, snowy owls move in response to the availability of prey, especially lemmings, which are their primary food source. In years when lemming populations are low, snowy owls may travel thousands of miles southward, reaching as far as the northern United States. This movement is known as an “irruption” rather than a regular migration, as it depends on environmental conditions and prey availability.

The Impact of Habitat Change on Migratory Owls

Migratory owls face threats from habitat loss and climate change, which affect prey populations and the availability of suitable nesting sites. Additionally, as winter temperatures rise, owls may face increased competition for food from other predators. Conservationists work to protect key habitats for migratory owls and monitor their movements, using satellite tracking to understand their migratory behaviors. By preserving the open landscapes and grasslands that owls rely on, we can help ensure these silent travelers continue to thrive across continents.